Archery in Islām
Archery in Islām
If one desires an honourable journey, it is necessary to discuss nations that upheld the Sunnah of archery after the Noble Companions (Raḍī Allāhu ‘anhum).
There have been a few, however, the most commonly known Imāms of Archery are Abū Hāshim Mawardī, Tāhir al-Balkhī, Isḥāq ar-Raqqī, and aṭ-Ṭabarī. Legends have it that they recognized the archery prowess of the Companions (Raḍī Allāhu ‘anhum) and treated the noble art with much respect. They regarded Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ (Raḥmatullāhi ‘alayhi) as the Shaykh of the Ancient Order, the Patron Saint and Knight of Islām (Fāris al-Islām), to whom all branches of archery trace, and who fought in every battle with the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ.
Along with the Khurāsānī Arabs, they gradually lost their prominence, replaced by Turkic slave troops. As documented by contemporaries, these new warriors earned admiration for their skill as bowmen and horse-archers. Khurāsānīs trained by practising vaulting onto horseback, playing polo, and then progressing to shooting at sitting quarry, hoops, and birds in flight.
The Saljūqs, the first Turkic tribe to embrace Islām, were renowned for their archery. It is said that a thousand of their horse archers, releasing a single volley of arrows, could defeat a thousand Arab horses. No army could withstand such an assault. The Saljūqs were skilled at shooting from horseback, targeting beasts, birds, hoops, men, and birds in flight, all while galloping in any direction, loosing ten arrows before the enemy could loose one. The Saljūq spelt certain death since he was as accurate in retreat as in attack. Turks could hit the pupil of an eye, and their arrows, made of bone, highlighted their expertise.
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn, Sulṭān of the Ayyūbid Dynasty, defender of the Islamic caliphate from Mongol invasion and protector against Crusader onslaught, inherited the Mamlūks, many of whom were Turkic slaves, who rose to power afterwards. Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn’s military training methods were documented by the Mamlūks and passed down through generations.
The Ottomans are known for preserving the Prophetic archery traditions in Islām, making it integral to their culture. Archery was highly valued by Sulṭāns, ʿUlamāʾ, imāms, military, artisans, and ordinary people.
Archery, originating with humanity, was initially used for defence and sustenance. An Ottoman scribe recorded Nabī Ādam (ʿalayhis-salām) as the first archer. It later became a key tool in warfare, with ʿUqbah ibn ʿĀmir (RA) owning 70 bows at his death. Each bow had its quiver filled with arrows.
Becoming a Kemankeş ("Master Archer") in the Ottoman Empire was a rigorous journey that began in childhood, typically around 7 to 10 years old, when training in basic archery and physical conditioning started. By their teenage years, aspiring archers advanced to more complex techniques, including horsemanship, swordsmanship, and military strategies, while also delving into Islamic studies, such as memorizing the Qurʾān and understanding Ḥadīth.
A Kemankeş was not only a skilled archer but also expected to master Islamic arts like calligraphy, exhibit moral integrity, and embody devotion to Allāh. As they progressed, usually by their late twenties or early thirties, they became elite warriors, gaining experience in battle and refining their leadership skills. Once recognized as a Kemankeş, they were responsible for mentoring younger archers, passing down their knowledge, and serving as role models in both military and moral spheres. The full journey combined technical, spiritual, and intellectual development, making the Kemankeş a respected figure in both the battlefield and society.
With the rise of gunpowder, archery transitioned into a martial art and sport practised by Sulṭāns. After the fall of the Islamic caliphate, archery was largely neglected by the Muslim world. We aim to revive this noble art, as sincere archers may gain elevation in status, both in this world and the next, through Allāh’s mercy for following the example of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ.